Please click on the ID to see detailed information about each entry.
The total number entries retrieved from this search areID1001 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTD1 enhances the transdermal delivery of macromolecules | AssayFranz diffusion cells | Tissue permeabilitySignificant increase in permeability of the peptide can be seen by the addition of ATP.The amount of protein that permeated the skin was determined with ELISA | Tissue SampleMale SD rats skin cells | PUBMED ID25269793 |
ID1020 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTDN | Nature of peptide or cargoTD-1 has been testified to enhanced insulin transdermal delivery through hair follicles | AssayConfocal Laser Scanning Microscopy | Tissue permeabilitySignificant permeability of the peptide can be seen in confocal images | Tissue SampleMale SD rats skin cells | PUBMED ID23391375 |
ID1021 | SequenceACSSKKSKHCG | NameTD-34 | Nature of peptide or cargoTD-1 has been testified to enhanced insulin transdermal delivery through hair follicles | AssayConfocal Laser Scanning Microscopy | Tissue permeabilitySignificant permeability of the peptide can be seen in confocal images | Tissue SampleMale SD rats skin cells | PUBMED ID23391375 |
ID1022 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTD1 enhances the transdermal delivery of macromolecules | AssayFranz diffusion cells, immunity fluorescence techniques | Tissue permeabilitySignificant permeability of the peptide can be seen. The amount of protein that permeated the skin was determined with immunity fluorescence techniques | Tissue SampleMale SD rats skin cells | PUBMED ID23385091 |
ID1096 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayFluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy | Tissue permeabilityPenetrates to the stratum corneum of rat footpad 15 min after topical application. | Tissue SampleFootpad skin of rats | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1097 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayFluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy | Tissue permeabilityCo-administered FAM-labeled siRNA gathered in the hair follicle 30 min after application | Tissue SampleBack skin of rats | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1098 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayFluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy | Tissue permeabilityFAM-labeled siRNA and TD-1 topically co-administered penetrated from the stratum corneum to subcutaneous tissue 15 min after application | Tissue SampleFootpad skin of rats | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1099 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayFluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy | Tissue permeabilityTD1 detected strongly from epithelial tissue to subcutaneous tissue 60 min after application | Tissue SampleFootpad skin of rats | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1100 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayFluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy | Tissue permeabilityBoth FITC-labeled TD-1 and co-administered FAM-labeled siRNA were detected strongly from epithelial tissue to subcutaneous tissue 60 min after application | Tissue SampleFootpad skin of rats | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1101 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayRT-PCR | Tissue permeabilityThe level of GADPH decreased 37 % | Tissue SampleRat footpad skin | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1102 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTransdermal Delivery enhancer | AssayRT-PCR | Tissue permeabilityThe level of GADPH decreased 49 % | Tissue SampleRat footpad skin | PUBMED ID22009459 |
ID1103 | SequenceCGLHPAFQC | NameTDA1 | Nature of peptide or cargoAnti-obesity treatment, Adipose tissue-targeting property and transdermal capacity | AssayFranz cell system | Tissue permeabilityAppearing frequency in the analyzed peptide pool (%) 28/280 (10) | Tissue SampleAbdominal skin surface of male wistar rats | PUBMED ID21999821 |
ID1107 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTD1 enhances the transdermal delivery of macromolecules | AssayElectrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve at 4 Hz for 1 min in skin pretreated with vehicle | Tissue permeabilityThe maximum amount of PE (Plasma Extravasation) in the control side was 68 ± 3 PIUs compared to 46 ± 2 PIUs in BoNT-A + TD-1 pretreated skin | Tissue SampleDorsal surface of the rat hindpaw skin | PUBMED ID20223589 |
ID1141 | SequenceACSSSPSKHCG | NameTD-1 | Nature of peptide or cargoTD1 enhances the transdermal delivery of macromolecules | AssayConfocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Blood glucose measurement | Tissue permeabilitySignificant permeability of insulin could be seen in the confocal images, TD-1 without insulin had no effect on either blood glucose or serum insulin level, indicating that the glucose-lowering effect observed with TD 1 and insulin coadministration was due to the delivered exogenous insulin and not a physiological response elicited by TD-1 | Tissue SampleAbdominal skin of rat | PUBMED ID16565728 |
ID1194 | SequenceMpr-YFQNCPrG | NameDesmopressin | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is a peptide hormone that is used chiefly for treatment of enuresis | AssayRadioimmunoassay | Tissue permeability10 ng/ml serum conc. of desmopressin after ~100 min of coated microneedle array application | Tissue SampleLateral skin areas of the thorax of hairless guinea pigs | PUBMED ID15212882 |
ID1195 | SequenceMpr-YFQNCPrG | NameDesmopressin | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is a peptide hormone that is used chiefly for treatment of enuresis | AssayRadioimmunoassay | Tissue permeability1 ng/ml serum conc. of desmopressin after ~250 min of coated microneedle array application | Tissue SampleLateral skin areas of the thorax of hairless guinea pigs | PUBMED ID15212882 |
ID1196 | SequenceMpr-YFQNCPrG | NameDesmopressin | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is a peptide hormone that is used chiefly for treatment of enuresis | AssayRadioimmunoassay | Tissue permeability0.8 ng/ml serum conc. of desmopressin after ~350 min of coated microneedle array application | Tissue SampleLateral skin areas of the thorax of hairless guinea pigs | PUBMED ID15212882 |
ID1199 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 2.37 ± 0.94 µg h−1 cm−2 at 100% DC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1200 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 9.87 ± 4.91 µg h−1 cm−2 at 75% pulsed DC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1201 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 5.57 ± 2.27 µg h−1 cm−2 at 50% pulsed DC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1202 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 1.21 ± 0.76 µg h−1 cm−2 at 75%+/25%− AC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1203 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 0.006 ± 0.004 µg h−1 cm−2 at 50%+/50%− AC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1204 | SequencepGlu-HWSY-D-2-Nal-LRPG | NameNafarelin | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityNafarelin flux= 1.99 ± 2.04 µg h−1 cm−2 at 100% DC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1205 | SequencepGlu-HWSY-D-2-Nal-LRPG | NameNafarelin | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityNafarelin flux= 6.47 ± 0.87 µg h−1 cm−2 at 75% DC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1206 | SequencepGlu-HWSY-D-2-Nal-LRPG | NameNafarelin | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityNafarelin flux= 0.96 ± 0.79 µg h−1 cm−2 at 50% pulsed DC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1207 | SequencepGlu-HWSY-D-2-Nal-LRPG | NameNafarelin | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityNafarelin flux= 3.33 ± 1.04 µg h−1 cm−2 at 75%+/25%- AC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1208 | SequencepGlu-HWSY-D-2-Nal-LRPG | NameNafarelin | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityNafarelin flux= 0.15 ± 0.09 µg h−1 cm−2 at 50%+/50%- AC | Tissue SampleHuman cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1209 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 12.39 ± 5.32 µg h−1 cm−2 at 75% pulsed DC (500 Hz) | Tissue SampleEpidermis of human cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1210 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 5.97 ± 3.20 µg h−1 cm−2 at 50% pulsed DC (500 Hz) | Tissue SampleEpidermis of human cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1211 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux=9.07 ± 4.28 µg h−1 cm−2 at 25% pulsed DC (500 Hz) | Tissue SampleEpidermis of human cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1212 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 8.70±3.56 µg h−1 cm−2 at 75% pulsed DC (5 Hz) | Tissue SampleEpidermis of human cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1213 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 7.31±1.94 µg h−1 cm−2 at 50% pulsed DC (5 Hz) | Tissue SampleEpidermis of human cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1214 | SequencepGlu-HWSYGLRPG | NameLHRH | Nature of peptide or cargoPeptides containing closely juxtapositioned cationic and lipohilic residues are able to inhibit their own transport across the skin even under the influence of iontophoretic current. | AssayHPLC | Tissue permeabilityLHRH flux= 9.35±1.98 µg h−1 cm−2 at 25% pulsed DC (5 Hz) | Tissue SampleEpidermis of human cadaver skin | PUBMED ID14757511 |
ID1218 | SequenceI/V-CLe-I/V-K-orn-I/V-fHdN | NameBacitracin | Nature of peptide or cargoBactericidal antibiotic often used topically. It is a cyclic peptide that contains positively and negatively charged lateral chains at neutral pH and is composed of a mixture of L and D amino acids. | AssayFluorescein-labeled bacitracin and confocal microscopy, HPLC | Tissue permeabilityBacitracin Cumulative Amount(µg/cm2)=42.3±3.8 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermis from abdominal sites of Caucasian females | PUBMED ID12712421 |
ID1219 | SequenceI/V-CLe-I/V-K-orn-I/V-fHdN | NameBacitracin | Nature of peptide or cargoBactericidal antibiotic often used topically. It is a cyclic peptide that contains positively and negatively charged lateral chains at neutral pH and is composed of a mixture of L and D amino acids. | AssayFluorescein-labeled bacitracin and confocal microscopy, HPLC | Tissue permeabilityBacitracin Cumulative Amount(µg/cm2)=80.2±4.7 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermis from abdominal sites of Caucasian females | PUBMED ID12712421 |
ID1220 | SequenceI/V-CLe-I/V-K-orn-I/V-fHdN | NameBacitracin | Nature of peptide or cargoBactericidal antibiotic often used topically. It is a cyclic peptide that contains positively and negatively charged lateral chains at neutral pH and is composed of a mixture of L and D amino acids. | AssayFluorescein-labeled bacitracin and confocal microscopy, HPLC | Tissue permeabilityBacitracin Cumulative Amount(µg/cm2)=44.1±4 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermis from abdominal sites of Caucasian females | PUBMED ID12712421 |
ID1221 | SequenceI/V-CLe-I/V-K-orn-I/V-fHdN | NameBacitracin | Nature of peptide or cargoBactericidal antibiotic often used topically. It is a cyclic peptide that contains positively and negatively charged lateral chains at neutral pH and is composed of a mixture of L and D amino acids. | AssayFluorescein-labeled bacitracin and confocal microscopy, HPLC | Tissue permeabilityBacitracin Cumulative Amount(µg/cm2)=82.1±4.4 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermis from abdominal sites of Caucasian females | PUBMED ID12712421 |
ID1222 | SequenceI/V-CLe-I/V-K-orn-I/V-fHdN | NameBacitracin | Nature of peptide or cargoBactericidal antibiotic often used topically. It is a cyclic peptide that contains positively and negatively charged lateral chains at neutral pH and is composed of a mixture of L and D amino acids. | AssayFluorescein-labeled bacitracin and confocal microscopy, HPLC | Tissue permeabilityBacitracin Cumulative Amount(µg/cm2)=52.8±4.4 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermis from abdominal sites of Caucasian females | PUBMED ID12712421 |
ID1223 | SequenceI/V-CLe-I/V-K-orn-I/V-fHdN | NameBacitracin | Nature of peptide or cargoBactericidal antibiotic often used topically. It is a cyclic peptide that contains positively and negatively charged lateral chains at neutral pH and is composed of a mixture of L and D amino acids. | AssayFluorescein-labeled bacitracin and confocal microscopy, HPLC | Tissue permeabilityBacitracin Cumulative Amount(µg/cm2)=95±2.9 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermis from abdominal sites of Caucasian females | PUBMED ID12712421 |
ID1224 | Sequence(Chain A: GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN) (Chain B: FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT) | NameInsulin in poloxamer gel 407 | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is used in the treatment diabetes mellitus and has immense therapeutic and commercial importance | AssayFranz diffusion cells, Radioimuunoassay | Tissue permeabilitySkin permeation parameters of insulin from poloxamer 407 gel using menthone enhancer, Lag time (h)=1.20 (0.02) , Flux (µg/cm2 /h)=5.57 (0.13), Cumulative amount permeated (µg)=210.78 (2.64), Skin affinity=10.57 (0.38), (P<0.05), all values are n=3 | Tissue SampleFemale Sprague–Dawley rat skin | PUBMED ID12695068 |
ID1225 | Sequence(Chain A: GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN) (Chain B: FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT) | NameInsulin in poloxamer gel 408 | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is used in the treatment diabetes mellitus and has immense therapeutic and commercial importance | AssayFranz diffusion cells, Radioimuunoassay | Tissue permeabilitySkin permeation parameters of insulin from poloxamer 407 gel using linoleic acid enhancer, Lag time (h)=0.65 (0.49) , Flux (µg/cm2 /h)=8.08 (0.20), Cumulative amount permeated (µg)=244.38 (30.21), Skin affinity=5.28 (2.37), (P<0.05), all values are n=3 | Tissue SampleFemale Sprague–Dawley rat skin | PUBMED ID12695068 |
ID1245 | SequencepGlu-HP | NameThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is a tripeptide that used in the treatment of brain and spinal cord injury and certain CNS disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and motor neuron disease (MND) | AssayRadioimmunoassay and Liquid Scintillation Technique | Tissue permeabilityPermeability coefficient (Kp)= 18.4*105 cm/h, Cumulative amount= 24.9± 1.7 µg/cm2, Enhancement factor (EF) =3.4 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermal membrane | PUBMED ID10205635 |
ID1246 | SequencepGlu-HP | NameThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is a tripeptide that used in the treatment of brain and spinal cord injury and certain CNS disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and motor neuron disease (MND) | AssayRadioimmunoassay and Liquid Scintillation Technique | Tissue permeabilityPermeability coefficient (Kp)= 16.6*105 cm/h, Cumulative amount= 18.5± 2.1 µg/cm2, Enhancement factor (EF) =3.1 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermal membrane | PUBMED ID10205635 |
ID1247 | SequencepGlu-HP | NameThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | Nature of peptide or cargoIt is a tripeptide that used in the treatment of brain and spinal cord injury and certain CNS disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and motor neuron disease (MND) | AssayRadioimmunoassay and Liquid Scintillation Technique | Tissue permeabilityPermeability coefficient (Kp)= 5.4*105 cm/h, Cumulative amount= 7.8± 1.7 µg/cm2, Enhancement factor (EF) =0 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermal membrane | PUBMED ID10205635 |
ID1248 | SequencepGlu-3-methyl-HP | NameM-TRH | Nature of peptide or cargoAnalogue of TRH i.e. M-TRH is a potent analogue and stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary seven to eight times that of the parental tripeptide. | AssayLiquid Scintillation Technique | Tissue permeabilityPermeability coefficient (Kp)= 32.0*105 cm/h, Cumulative amount= 41.5±4.9 µg/cm2, Enhancement factor (EF) =4.7 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermal membrane | PUBMED ID10205635 |
ID1249 | SequencepGlu-3-methyl-HP | NameM-TRH | Nature of peptide or cargoAnalogue of TRH i.e. M-TRH is a potent analogue and stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary seven to eight times that of the parental tripeptide. | AssayLiquid Scintillation Technique | Tissue permeabilityPermeability coefficient (Kp)=20.2*105 cm/h, Cumulative amount= 20.4± 3.6µg/cm2, Enhancement factor (EF) =3.0 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermal membrane | PUBMED ID10205635 |
ID1250 | SequencepGlu-3-methyl-HP | NameM-TRH | Nature of peptide or cargoAnalogue of TRH i.e. M-TRH is a potent analogue and stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary seven to eight times that of the parental tripeptide. | AssayLiquid Scintillation Technique | Tissue permeabilityPermeability coefficient (Kp)= 6.8*105 cm/h, Cumulative amount= 8.6± 1.0 µg/cm2, Enhancement factor (EF) =0 | Tissue SampleHuman epidermal membrane | PUBMED ID10205635 |
ID1265 | SequenceSNLST-Asu-VLGKLSQELH KLQTYPRTDVGAGTP | NameElcatonin | Nature of peptide or cargoIt stimulates osteoblastic bone formation in addition to inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption | AssayCalcium C-Test Wako kit, Ames method, Alkaline Phospha K-Test and ANOVA | Tissue permeabilityParameters studied: Ca(mg/dl)- 8.83±0.20/8.94±0.17(control), P(mg/dl)- 5.32±0.35/5.58±0.55(control) and Alkaline phosphatase- 23.69±1.16/18.83±0.75(control) | Tissue SampleAbdominal skin of female wistar rats | PUBMED ID8268857 |
ID1266 | SequenceSNLST-Asu-VLGKLSQELH KLQTYPRTDVGAGTP | NameElcatonin | Nature of peptide or cargoIt stimulates osteoblastic bone formation in addition to inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption | AssayCalcium C-Test Wako kit, Ames method, Alkaline Phospha K-Test and ANOVA | Tissue permeabilityParameters studied: Ca(mg/dl)- 8.80±0.27/8.94±0.17(control), P(mg/dl)- 5.22±0.36/5.58±0.55(control) and Alkaline phosphatase- 22.21±4.01/18.83±0.75(control) | Tissue SampleAbdominal skin of female wistar rats | PUBMED ID8268857 |
ID1335 | SequenceSNLST-Asu-VLGKLSQEL HKLQTYPRTDVGAGTP | NameElcatonin | Nature of peptide or cargoIt stimulates osteoblastic bone formation in addition to inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption | Assayo-cresolphthalein complexone method using Calcium C-Test Wako and 0.01 ml plasma, pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis | Tissue permeabilityArea under the curve(mg.h/dl)=30.99±11.75 , Area under the first moment curve(mg.h2/dl)=371.41±159.80 , The mean residence time(h)=12.06±1.99 , Apparent bioavailability(%)=2.68. | Tissue SampleStratum corneum of the abdominal area of male Wistar rats(0.5g ointment/4 cm2/rat) | PUBMED ID2054872 |