| Primary information |
|---|
| SALID | SAL_10359 |
| Biomarker name | Cystatin S |
| Biomarker Type | NA |
| Sampling Method | tudy was conducted between twelve normoxic age matched males (Mean age = 30 +- 2 years) and hypobaric hypoxia affected males. |
| Collection Method | Saliva was collected using passive drooling technique into a pre-chilled falcon and then centrifuged at 1585 xg for 15 min at 4oC to remove insoluble materials |
| Analysis Method | 2D-GE + MS |
| Collection Site | Whole Saliva |
| Disease Category | Other |
| Disease/Condition | Exposure to high altitude |
| Disease Subtype | NA |
| Fold Change/ Concentration | 2.05 |
| Up/Downregulated | Upregulated |
| Exosomal | NA |
| Organism | Homo sapiens |
| PMID | 30219637 |
| Year of Publication | 2018 |
| Biomarker ID | P01036 |
| Biomarker Category | Protein |
| Sequence | MARPLCTLLLLMATLAGALASSSKEENRIIPGGIYDADLNDEWVQRALHFAISEYNKATEDEYYRRPLQVLRAREQTFGGVNYFFDVEVGRTICTKSQPNLDTCAFHEQPELQKKQLCSFEIYEVPWEDRMSLVNSRCQEA |
| Title of study | Salivary proteome patterns of individuals exposed to High Altitude |
| Abstract of study | OBJECTIVE: Identification of molecular signatures having key roles in hypobaric hypoxia by analysing the salivary proteome. Saliva holds a promising future in the search for new clinical biomarkers that are easily accessible, less complex, accurate, and cost effective as well as being non-invasive.METHODOLOGY: We employed qualitative proteomics approach to develop discriminatory biomarker signatures from human saliva exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. Salivary proteins were analyzed and compared between age-matched healthy subjects exposed to high altitude (∼13700 ft) for seven days (HAD7) with control subjects at sea level (Normoxia) by using 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry approach.RESULTS: Several proteins with significant differential expression were found. The up-regulated proteins were apoptosis inducing factor-2, cystatin S, cystatin SN and carbonic anhydrase 6. The down regulated proteins were polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, alpha-enolase and prolactin-inducible protein. Further confirmation of the altered proteins such as alpha enolase, carbonic anhydrase 6, prolactin-inducible protein, apoptosis inducing factor 2, cystatin S and cystatin SN were performed using immunoblotting. The expression patterns of the selected proteins observed by immunoblot were in concurrence with 2-Dimesional gel electrophoresis results, therefore affirming the authenticity of the proteomic investigation.CONCLUSION: This study provides the proof of concept of salivary biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of hypobaric hypoxia induced effects. It is highly feasible to turn these biomarkers into an applicable clinical test after large scale validation. |