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Th1392 details

Primary information
ID	13261
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	Thrombin-jmi
Company	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc
Brand Description	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc
Prescribed For	Topical
Chemical Name	5000 [iU]/5mL
Formulation	Do not inject directly into the circulatory system. Because of its action in the clotting mechanism, THROMBIN-JMI can cause extensive intravascular clotting or death. Do not re-expose patients to THROMBIN-JMI if there are known or suspected antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or factor V. Do not administer to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to THROMBIN-JMI, its components and/or to material of bovine origin. Do not use for treatment of severe or brisk arterial bleeding.
Physical Appearance	hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat, pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves, severe or sudden headache, slurred speech, loss of coordination, sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg, sudden shortness of breath, and vision changes
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	Link
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13262
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Biological Factors
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	Thrombin-jmi
Company	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc
Brand Description	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc
Prescribed For	Topical
Chemical Name	20000 [iU]/20mL
Formulation	Do not inject directly into the circulatory system. Because of its action in the clotting mechanism, THROMBIN-JMI can cause extensive intravascular clotting or death. Do not re-expose patients to THROMBIN-JMI if there are known or suspected antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or factor V. Do not administer to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to THROMBIN-JMI, its components and/or to material of bovine origin. Do not use for treatment of severe or brisk arterial bleeding.
Physical Appearance	hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat, pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves, severe or sudden headache, slurred speech, loss of coordination, sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg, sudden shortness of breath, and vision changes
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	Link
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13263
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Blood and Blood Forming Organs
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	Thrombinar Pws 5000unit/vial
Company	Armour Pharmaceutical Co.
Brand Description	Armour Pharmaceutical Co.
Prescribed For	Topical
Chemical Name	5000 unit / vial
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	Difficulty breathing pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves severe, sudden headache slurred speech sudden loss of coordination sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg sudden, unexplained shortness of breath vision changes
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	Thrombin topical is used to help control minor bleeding and oozing during surgery. Thrombin is a protein that is produced naturally in the body. Recothrom® is a man-made protein produced to replicate the naturally occurring thrombin in the body. It is used to stop bleeding by helping the blood to clot.
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	Link
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13264
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Blood Coagulation Factors
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	Thrombostat 10000units
Company	Pfizer Canada Ulc
Brand Description	Pfizer Canada Ulc
Prescribed For	Topical
Chemical Name	10000 unit / vial
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	Difficulty breathing pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves severe, sudden headache slurred speech sudden loss of coordination sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg sudden, unexplained shortness of breath vision changes
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	used to help control minor bleeding and oozing during surgery.
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	Link
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13265
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Blood Proteins
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	Thrombostat 1000units
Company	Parke Davis Division, Warner Lambert Canada Inc.
Brand Description	Parke Davis Division, Warner Lambert Canada Inc.
Prescribed For	Topical
Chemical Name	1000 unit / vial
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	Difficulty breathing pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves severe, sudden headache slurred speech sudden loss of coordination sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg sudden, unexplained shortness of breath vision changes
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	used to help control minor bleeding and oozing during surgery.
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	Link
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13266
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Coagulants
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	Thrombostat 5000units
Company	Pfizer Canada Ulc
Brand Description	Pfizer Canada Ulc
Prescribed For	Topical
Chemical Name	5000 unit / vial
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	Difficulty breathing pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves severe, sudden headache slurred speech sudden loss of coordination sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg sudden, unexplained shortness of breath vision changes
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	used to help control minor bleeding and oozing during surgery.
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	Link
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13267
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Endopeptidases
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13268
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Enzymes
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13269
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Enzymes and Coenzymes
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13270
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Hematologic Agents
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13271
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Hemostatics
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13272
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Hydrolases
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13273
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Increased Coagulation Factor Activity
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13274
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Local Hemostatics
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13275
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Peptide Hydrolases
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13276
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Proteins
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13277
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Serine Endopeptidases
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13278
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Serine Proteases
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13279
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Thrombin, analogs & derivatives
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA

Primary information
ID	13280
Therapeutic ID	Th1392
Protein Name	Thrombin
Sequence	>Th1392_Thrombin MARVRGPRLPGCLALAALFSLVHSQHVFLAHQQASSLLQRARRANKGFLEEVRKGNLERECLEEPCSREEAFEALESLSATDAFWAKYTACESARNPREKLNECLEGNCAEGVGMNYRGNVSVTRSGIECQLWRSRYPHKPEINSTTHPGADLRENFCRNPDGSITGPWCYTTSPTLRREECSVPVCGQDRVTVEVIPRSGGSTTSQSPLLETCVPDRGREYRGRLAVTTSGSRCLAWSSEQAKALSKDQDFNPAVPLAENFCRNPDGDEEGAWCYVADQPGDFEYCDLNYCEEPVDGDLGDRLGEDPDPDAAIEGRTSEDHFQPFFNEKTFGAGEADCGLRPLFEKKQVQDQTEKELFESYIEGRIVEGQDAEVGLSPWQVMLFRKSPQELLCGASLISDRWVLTAAHCLLYPPWDKNFTVDDLLVRIGKHSRTRYERKVEKISMLDKIYIHPRYNWKENLDRDIALLKLKRPIELSDYIHPVCLPDKQTAAKLLHAGFKGRVTGWGNRRETWTTSVAEVQPSVLQVVNLPLVERPVCKASTRIRITDNMFCAGYKPGEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFVMKSPYNNRWYQMGIVSWGEGCDRDGKYGFYTHVFRLKKWIQKVIDRLGS
Molecular Weight	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Isoelectric Point	NA
Hydrophobicity	NA
Melting point	NA
Half-life	Unfortunately, little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155].
Description	Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot. Medical thrombin is a protein substance produced through a conversion reaction in which prothrombin of bovine origin is activated by tissue thromboplastin in the presence of calcium chloride. Thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action. It clots the fibrinogen of the blood directly. Failure to clot blood occurs in the rare case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. A variety of human thrombin and recombinant thrombin (ie. thrombin alfa) products are available as alternatives to using bovine thrombin.
Indication/Disease	Bovine thrombin is a topical thrombin indicated to aid hemostasis whenever oozing blood and minor bleeding from capillaries and small venules is accessible and control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques (like suture, ligature, or cautery) is ineffective or impractical [FDA Label]. Additionally, topical bovine thrombin can also be used in combination with an absorbable gelatin sponge, USP [FDA Label].
Pharmacodynamics	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but it is expected that bovine thrombin elicits similar activities as endogenous thrombin. Subsequently, it is believed that bovine thrombin, like endogenous thrombin, functions as a coagulation factor that converts clotting factor XI to XIa, factor VIII to VIIIa, V to Va, fibrinogen to fibrin, and XIII to XIIIa [A32408]. Specifically, factor XIIIa catalyzes covalent bonds between lysine and glutamine residues that are found in fibrin. These covalent bonds assist in increasing the stability of the fibrin clot [A32408]. Additionally, thrombin also promotes the activation and aggregation of platelets by way of activating protease-activated receptors on the cell membranes of platelets [A32408].
Mechanism of Action	Bovine thrombin requires no intermediate physiological agent for its action [FDA Label]. It activates platelets and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which are essential steps for clot formation [FDA Label]. Failure to clot blood occurs in the case where the primary clotting defect is the absence of fibrinogen itself [FDA Label]. The speed with which the bovine thrombin clots blood is dependent upon the concentration of both the bovine thrombin and the fibrinogen present [FDA Label].
Toxicity	With regards to bovine thrombin, no cases of overdose have been reported so far [T155]. Bovine thrombin however, is capable of causing fatal severe bleeding or thrombosis [FDA Label]. This thrombosis may result from the development of antibodies against bovine thrombin [FDA Label]. Bleeding may result from the development of antibodies against bovine factor V [FDA Label]. These antibodies may subsequently cross-react with endogenous human factor V and lead to its deficiency [FDA Label]. Patients who are know or suspected to have antibodies to bovine thrombin and/or bovine factor V should not be re-exposed to the product [FDA Label]. Patients who are administered bovine thrombin should be monitored for abnormal coagulation laboratory values, bleeding, or indeed, thrombosis [FDA Label]. LD50 values are available for rat and mouse models where rat subcutaneous LD50 > 40mg/kg, rat IP LD50 > 40mg/kg, and mouse subcutaneous LD50 > 50 mg/kg (in which the greater than symbol indicates that the toxicity endpoint being tested was not achievable at the highest dose used in the test) [MSDS]. Regardless, the most common adverse reactions following administration of bovine thrombin include hypersensitivity, bleeding, anemia, post-operative wound infection, thromboembolic events, hypotension, pyrexia, tachycardia, and/or thrombocytopenia [FDA Label].
Metabolism	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], such products are expected to be metabolized in the same way as endogenous thrombin is. Endogenous thrombin does not circulate in the blood as a free, active molecule for very long [L2079]. After performing its function it is rapidly inactivated after formation of complexes with various circulating endogenous plasma inhibitors (like antithrombin III) [L2079]. This rapid inactivation prevents the active agent from diffusing into the general circulation. The complexes formed are then generally cleared and eliminated by the liver [L2079].
Absorption	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of administration, it is expected that any kind of systemic absorption would be minimal.
	Little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], but owing to its topical mode of application, systemic exposure or distribution to other organs and tissues is not expected.
Clearance	Although little has been reported about the systemic pharmacokinetics of bovine thrombin preparations [T155], it is expected that they are generally rapidly neutralized by naturally circulating plasma inhibitors limiting its duration of action and preventing the active form from diffusing into the general circulation [L2079].
Categories	Thrombin, antagonists & inhibitors
Patents Number	NA
Date of Issue	NA
Date of Expiry	NA
Drug Interaction	NA
Target	Proteinase-activated receptor 1,Proteinase-activated receptor 4,Coagulation factor XI,Coagulation factor XIII A chain,Coagulation factor XIII B chain,Fibrinogen alpha chain,Fibrinogen beta chain,Fibrinogen gamma chain,Coagulation factor V,Coagulation factor VIII
Brand Name	NA
Company	NA
Brand Description	NA
Prescribed For	NA
Chemical Name	NA
Formulation	NA
Physical Appearance	NA
Route of Administration	NA
Recommended Dosage	NA
Contraindication	7-iminophenothiazin-3-amine;hydrochloride
Side Effects	NA
Useful Link 1	Link
Useful Link 2	NA
Remarks	NA