Detailed description page of ThPDB2
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Th1035 details |
Primary information | |
---|---|
ID | 10252 |
Therapeutic ID | Th1035 |
Protein Name | Glucagon recombinant |
Sequence | >Th1035_Glucagon_recombinant HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT |
Molecular Weight | 3767.1 |
Chemical Formula | C165H249N49O51S1 |
Isoelectric Point | 7.1 |
Hydrophobicity | -1.197 |
Melting point | NA |
Half-life | 0.43 hours for an intramuscular dose |
Description | Glucagon is a 29 residue peptide hormone, synthesized in a special non- pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for glucagons. |
Indication/Disease | Used to treat severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging. |
Pharmacodynamics | Used in the treatment of hypoglycemia and in gastric imaging, glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and is used in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Glucagon acts only on liver glycogen, converting it to glucose through the release of insulin. It also relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
Mechanism of Action | Glucagon binds the glucagon receptor(G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane) which then initiates a dual signaling pathway using both adenylate cyclase activation and increased intracellular calcium. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cAMP (cyclic AMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. This yields glucose molecules to be released into the blood. Glucagon receptors are found in the liver, kidney, brain and pancreatic islet cells. The glucagon mediated signals lead to an increase in insulin excretion |
Toxicity | atients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, inhibition of GI tract motility, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased serum potassium. Phentolamine may be given to control blood pressure. Treatment of glucagon overdose is largely symptomatic for nausea, vomiting, and hypokalemia. |
Metabolism | Glucagon is a protein and so it is metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids in the liver, kidney, and plasma. |
Absorption | A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon reaches a Cmax of 7.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 20 minutes.An intramuscular dose reaches a Cmax of 6.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 13 minutes. A 3mg dose of glucagon nasal powder reaches a Cmax of 6130pg/mL with a Tmax of 15 minutes |
0.25 L/kg | |
Clearance | 13.5 mL/min/kg [Adults with IV 1 mg] |
Categories | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, Antihypoglycemic Agent, Decreased GI Motility, Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone, Decreased Glycolysis, Gastrointestinal Agents, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Gastrointestinal Motility Inhibitor, Glucagon, antagonists & inhibitors, Glycogenolytic Agents, Glycogenolytic Hormones, Hormones, Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists, Increased Gluconeogenesis, Increased Glycogenolysis, Pancreatic Hormones, Peptide Hormones, Peptides, Proglucagon, Protein Precursors, Proteins, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins |
Patents Number | NA |
Date of Issue | NA |
Date of Expiry | NA |
Drug Interaction | NA |
Target | Glucagon receptor,Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor,Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor |
Brand Name | GlucaGen |
Company | Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
Brand Description | Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
Prescribed For | GlucaGen is used to treat severe hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) reactions which may occur in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. It is also used as a diagniostic aid. GlucaGen is indicated for use during radiologic examinations to tempor |
Chemical Name | NA |
Formulation | The reconstituted solution contains glucagon as hydrochloride 1 mg/mL (1 unit/mL) and lactose monohydrate (107 mg). GlucaGen is supplied at pH 2.5-3.5 and is soluble in water. |
Physical Appearance | Sterile, lyophilized white powder |
Route of Administration | Subcutaneous, intramuSubcutaneousular, or Intraven |
Recommended Dosage | Inject 1 mL (adults and children, weighing more than 55 lbs (25 kg)) or 0.5 mL (children weighing less than 55 lbs (25 kg)) subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. If the weight is not known: children younger than 6 years should be given a 0.5 |
Contraindication | Hypersensitivity |
Side Effects | Severe side effects are very rare, although nausea and vomiting may occur occasionally especially with doses above 1 mg or with rapid injection (less than 1 minute). You may also have rapid heart beat for a short while. |
Useful Link 1 | Link |
Useful Link 2 | NA |
Remarks | NA |
Primary information | |
---|---|
ID | 10253 |
Therapeutic ID | Th1035 |
Protein Name | Glucagon recombinant |
Sequence | >Th1035_Glucagon_recombinant HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT |
Molecular Weight | 3767.1 |
Chemical Formula | C165H249N49O51S1 |
Isoelectric Point | 7.1 |
Hydrophobicity | -1.197 |
Melting point | NA |
Half-life | 0.58 hours for glucagon nasal powder |
Description | Glucagon is a 29 residue peptide hormone, synthesized in a special non- pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for glucagons. |
Indication/Disease | Used to treat severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging. |
Pharmacodynamics | Used in the treatment of hypoglycemia and in gastric imaging, glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and is used in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Glucagon acts only on liver glycogen, converting it to glucose through the release of insulin. It also relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
Mechanism of Action | Glucagon binds the glucagon receptor(G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane) which then initiates a dual signaling pathway using both adenylate cyclase activation and increased intracellular calcium. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cAMP (cyclic AMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. This yields glucose molecules to be released into the blood. Glucagon receptors are found in the liver, kidney, brain and pancreatic islet cells. The glucagon mediated signals lead to an increase in insulin excretion |
Toxicity | atients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, inhibition of GI tract motility, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased serum potassium. Phentolamine may be given to control blood pressure. Treatment of glucagon overdose is largely symptomatic for nausea, vomiting, and hypokalemia. |
Metabolism | Glucagon is a protein and so it is metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids in the liver, kidney, and plasma. |
Absorption | A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon reaches a Cmax of 7.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 20 minutes.An intramuscular dose reaches a Cmax of 6.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 13 minutes. A 3mg dose of glucagon nasal powder reaches a Cmax of 6130pg/mL with a Tmax of 15 minutes |
0.25 L/kg | |
Clearance | 13.5 mL/min/kg [Adults with IV 1 mg] |
Categories | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, Antihypoglycemic Agent, Decreased GI Motility, Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone, Decreased Glycolysis, Gastrointestinal Agents, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Gastrointestinal Motility Inhibitor, Glucagon, antagonists & inhibitors, Glycogenolytic Agents, Glycogenolytic Hormones, Hormones, Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists, Increased Gluconeogenesis, Increased Glycogenolysis, Pancreatic Hormones, Peptide Hormones, Peptides, Proglucagon, Protein Precursors, Proteins, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins |
Patents Number | NA |
Date of Issue | NA |
Date of Expiry | NA |
Drug Interaction | NA |
Target | NA |
Brand Name | Baqsimi |
Company | Eli Lilly and Company |
Brand Description | Eli Lilly and Company |
Prescribed For | very low blood sugar (severe hypoglycemia) in people with diabetes ages 4 years and above. |
Chemical Name | C153H225N43O49S |
Formulation | Glucagon is a single-chain polypeptide containing 29 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 3483, and is identical to human glucagon. |
Physical Appearance | preservative-free, white powder |
Route of Administration | intranasal administration in an intranasal device |
Recommended Dosage | The recommended dose of BAQSIMI is 3 mg administered as one actuation of the intranasal device into one nostril. If there has been no response after 15 minutes, an additional 3 mg dose of BAQSIMI from a new device may be administered while waiting for emergency assistance. |
Contraindication | BAQSIMI is contraindicated in patients with: Pheochromocytoma because of the risk of substantial increase in blood pressure Insulinoma because of the risk of hypoglycemia Known hypersensitivity to glucagon or to any of the excipients in BAQSIMI. Allergic reactions have been reported with glucagon and include anaphylactic shock with breathing difficulties and hypotension |
Side Effects | nausea vomiting headache runny nose discomfort in your nose stuffy nose redness in your eyes itchy nose, throat and eyes watery eyes |
Useful Link 1 | Link |
Useful Link 2 | NA |
Remarks | NA |
Primary information | |
---|---|
ID | 10254 |
Therapeutic ID | Th1035 |
Protein Name | Glucagon recombinant |
Sequence | >Th1035_Glucagon_recombinant HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT |
Molecular Weight | 3767.1 |
Chemical Formula | C165H249N49O51S1 |
Isoelectric Point | 7.1 |
Hydrophobicity | -1.197 |
Melting point | NA |
Half-life | 0.53 hours for subcutaneous auto-injector or pre-filled syringe |
Description | Glucagon is a 29 residue peptide hormone, synthesized in a special non- pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for glucagons. |
Indication/Disease | Used to treat severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging. |
Pharmacodynamics | Used in the treatment of hypoglycemia and in gastric imaging, glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and is used in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Glucagon acts only on liver glycogen, converting it to glucose through the release of insulin. It also relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
Mechanism of Action | Glucagon binds the glucagon receptor(G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane) which then initiates a dual signaling pathway using both adenylate cyclase activation and increased intracellular calcium. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cAMP (cyclic AMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. This yields glucose molecules to be released into the blood. Glucagon receptors are found in the liver, kidney, brain and pancreatic islet cells. The glucagon mediated signals lead to an increase in insulin excretion |
Toxicity | atients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, inhibition of GI tract motility, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased serum potassium. Phentolamine may be given to control blood pressure. Treatment of glucagon overdose is largely symptomatic for nausea, vomiting, and hypokalemia. |
Metabolism | Glucagon is a protein and so it is metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids in the liver, kidney, and plasma. |
Absorption | A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon reaches a Cmax of 7.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 20 minutes.An intramuscular dose reaches a Cmax of 6.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 13 minutes. A 3mg dose of glucagon nasal powder reaches a Cmax of 6130pg/mL with a Tmax of 15 minutes |
0.25 L/kg | |
Clearance | 13.5 mL/min/kg [Adults with IV 1 mg] |
Categories | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, Antihypoglycemic Agent, Decreased GI Motility, Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone, Decreased Glycolysis, Gastrointestinal Agents, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Gastrointestinal Motility Inhibitor, Glucagon, antagonists & inhibitors, Glycogenolytic Agents, Glycogenolytic Hormones, Hormones, Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists, Increased Gluconeogenesis, Increased Glycogenolysis, Pancreatic Hormones, Peptide Hormones, Peptides, Proglucagon, Protein Precursors, Proteins, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins |
Patents Number | NA |
Date of Issue | NA |
Date of Expiry | NA |
Drug Interaction | NA |
Target | NA |
Brand Name | Gvoke |
Company | Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
Brand Description | Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. |
Prescribed For | symptoms of severe Hypoglycemia. |
Chemical Name | C153H225N43O49S |
Formulation | Glucagon is a single chain containing 29 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 3483 and is identical to human glucagon. Glucagon is produced by solid phase synthesis with subsequent purification. |
Physical Appearance | clear, colorless to pale yellow, sterile solution |
Route of Administration | subcutaneous injection |
Recommended Dosage | Adults and Pediatric Patients Aged 12 and Older: The recommended dose of GVOKE is 1 mg administered by subcutaneous injection into lower abdomen, outer thigh, or outer upper arm. If there has been no response after 15 minutes, an additional 1 mg dose of GVOKE from a new device may be administered while waiting for emergency assistance. Pediatric Patients Aged 2 To Under 12 Years Of Age: The recommended dose for pediatric patients who weigh less than 45 kg is 0.5 mg GVOKE administered by subcutaneous injection into the lower abdomen, outer thigh, or outer upper arm. The recommended dose for pediatric patients who weigh 45 kg or greater is 1 mg GVOKE administered by subcutaneous injection into the lower abdomen, outer thigh, or outer upper arm. If there has been no response after 15 minutes, an additional weight appropriate dose of GVOKE from a new device may be administered while waiting for emergency assistance. |
Contraindication | GVOKE is contraindicated in patients with: Pheochromocytoma Insulinoma because of the risk of hypoglycemia Known hypersensitivity to glucagon or to any of the excipients in GVOKE. Allergic reactions have been reported with glucagon and include anaphylactic shock with breathing difficulties and hypotension |
Side Effects | nausea, vomiting, and swelling where the injection was given |
Useful Link 1 | Link |
Useful Link 2 | NA |
Remarks | NA |
Primary information | |
---|---|
ID | 10255 |
Therapeutic ID | Th1035 |
Protein Name | Glucagon recombinant |
Sequence | >Th1035_Glucagon_recombinant HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT |
Molecular Weight | 3767.1 |
Chemical Formula | C165H249N49O51S1 |
Isoelectric Point | 7.1 |
Hydrophobicity | -1.197 |
Melting point | NA |
Half-life | NA |
Description | Glucagon is a 29 residue peptide hormone, synthesized in a special non- pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for glucagons. |
Indication/Disease | Used to treat severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging. |
Pharmacodynamics | Used in the treatment of hypoglycemia and in gastric imaging, glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and is used in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Glucagon acts only on liver glycogen, converting it to glucose through the release of insulin. It also relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
Mechanism of Action | Glucagon binds the glucagon receptor(G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane) which then initiates a dual signaling pathway using both adenylate cyclase activation and increased intracellular calcium. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cAMP (cyclic AMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. This yields glucose molecules to be released into the blood. Glucagon receptors are found in the liver, kidney, brain and pancreatic islet cells. The glucagon mediated signals lead to an increase in insulin excretion |
Toxicity | atients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, inhibition of GI tract motility, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased serum potassium. Phentolamine may be given to control blood pressure. Treatment of glucagon overdose is largely symptomatic for nausea, vomiting, and hypokalemia. |
Metabolism | Glucagon is a protein and so it is metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids in the liver, kidney, and plasma. |
Absorption | A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon reaches a Cmax of 7.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 20 minutes.An intramuscular dose reaches a Cmax of 6.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 13 minutes. A 3mg dose of glucagon nasal powder reaches a Cmax of 6130pg/mL with a Tmax of 15 minutes |
0.25 L/kg | |
Clearance | 13.5 mL/min/kg [Adults with IV 1 mg] |
Categories | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, Antihypoglycemic Agent, Decreased GI Motility, Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone, Decreased Glycolysis, Gastrointestinal Agents, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Gastrointestinal Motility Inhibitor, Glucagon, antagonists & inhibitors, Glycogenolytic Agents, Glycogenolytic Hormones, Hormones, Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists, Increased Gluconeogenesis, Increased Glycogenolysis, Pancreatic Hormones, Peptide Hormones, Peptides, Proglucagon, Protein Precursors, Proteins, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins |
Patents Number | NA |
Date of Issue | NA |
Date of Expiry | NA |
Drug Interaction | Walfarin- Glucagon may increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin (Coumadin) and other anticoagulants causing an increase in the slow clotting of blood and a greater risk of developing an episode of bleeding. |
Target | NA |
Brand Name | Glucagon |
Company | Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC,TYA Pharmaceuticals, A-S Medication Solutions, Physicians Total Care, Inc. |
Brand Description | Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC,TYA Pharmaceuticals, A-S Medication Solutions, Physicians Total Care, Inc. |
Prescribed For | Glucagon is used to increase the blood glucose level in severe hypoglycemia (low blood glucose). Glucagon is a glucose-elevating drug |
Chemical Name | NA |
Formulation | Glucagon is available as an emergency kit. The kit contains freeze-dried glucagon as a powder for injection 1 ml syringe of diluent. The powder contains 1 mg (1 unit) of glucagon and 49 mg of lactose. The diluent contains 12 mg/ml of glycerine, water for |
Physical Appearance | Powder |
Route of Administration | Subcutaneously or intramuSubcutaneousularly Inject |
Recommended Dosage | Adults and children weighing 44 pounds or more should receive 1mg (1 unit) of glucagon |
Contraindication | Allergy |
Side Effects | Nausea and vomiting may occur occasionally after injection of glucagon, but this may be a symptom of the hypoglycemia for which glucagon is being given. Rare allergic-type reactions may occur with glucagon including itching, respiratory distress, or low blood pressure. |
Useful Link 1 | Link |
Useful Link 2 | NA |
Remarks | NA |
Primary information | |
---|---|
ID | 10256 |
Therapeutic ID | Th1035 |
Protein Name | Glucagon recombinant |
Sequence | >Th1035_Glucagon_recombinant HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT |
Molecular Weight | 3767.1 |
Chemical Formula | C165H249N49O51S1 |
Isoelectric Point | 7.1 |
Hydrophobicity | -1.197 |
Melting point | NA |
Half-life | NA |
Description | Glucagon is a 29 residue peptide hormone, synthesized in a special non- pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for glucagons. |
Indication/Disease | Used to treat severe hypoglycemia, also used in gastrointestinal imaging. |
Pharmacodynamics | Used in the treatment of hypoglycemia and in gastric imaging, glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and is used in the treatment of hypoglycemia. Glucagon acts only on liver glycogen, converting it to glucose through the release of insulin. It also relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
Mechanism of Action | Glucagon binds the glucagon receptor(G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane) which then initiates a dual signaling pathway using both adenylate cyclase activation and increased intracellular calcium. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cAMP (cyclic AMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. This yields glucose molecules to be released into the blood. Glucagon receptors are found in the liver, kidney, brain and pancreatic islet cells. The glucagon mediated signals lead to an increase in insulin excretion |
Toxicity | atients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, inhibition of GI tract motility, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased serum potassium. Phentolamine may be given to control blood pressure. Treatment of glucagon overdose is largely symptomatic for nausea, vomiting, and hypokalemia. |
Metabolism | Glucagon is a protein and so it is metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids in the liver, kidney, and plasma. |
Absorption | A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon reaches a Cmax of 7.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 20 minutes.An intramuscular dose reaches a Cmax of 6.9ng/mL with a Tmax of 13 minutes. A 3mg dose of glucagon nasal powder reaches a Cmax of 6130pg/mL with a Tmax of 15 minutes |
0.25 L/kg | |
Clearance | 13.5 mL/min/kg [Adults with IV 1 mg] |
Categories | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, Antihypoglycemic Agent, Decreased GI Motility, Decreased GI Smooth Muscle Tone, Decreased Glycolysis, Gastrointestinal Agents, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Gastrointestinal Motility Inhibitor, Glucagon, antagonists & inhibitors, Glycogenolytic Agents, Glycogenolytic Hormones, Hormones, Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists, Increased Gluconeogenesis, Increased Glycogenolysis, Pancreatic Hormones, Peptide Hormones, Peptides, Proglucagon, Protein Precursors, Proteins, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins |
Patents Number | NA |
Date of Issue | NA |
Date of Expiry | NA |
Drug Interaction | Indomethacin (Indocin, Indocin-SR) reduces the effect of glucagon. |
Target | NA |
Brand Name | Ogluo |
Company | Tetris Pharma B.V |
Brand Description | Tetris Pharma B.V |
Prescribed For | NA |
Chemical Name | NA |
Formulation | NA |
Physical Appearance | NA |
Route of Administration | NA |
Recommended Dosage | NA |
Contraindication | NA |
Side Effects | NA |
Useful Link 1 | Link |
Useful Link 2 | NA |
Remarks | NA |