Abiotic stress

Climate change poses significant challenges to plant growth and survival. Rising temperatures, unpredictable weather patterns, and increased occurrences of droughts and floods have disrupted natural ecosystems. These changes not only affect plant health but also reduce crop yields, threatening global food security.

• Temperature Stress: Includes extreme temperatures such as heat, chilling, and freezing.
• Drought Stress: Occurs when there is a deficiency of water, affecting plant physiology and growth.
• Waterlogging Stress: Results from excessive soil moisture, which reduces oxygen levels and can lead to various issues like chlorosis and leaf decay.
• Salinity Stress: High salt concentrations in the soil can negatively affect plant growth.
• Nutrient Imbalance: Deficiencies or toxic levels of essential nutrients in the soil.
• Light Stress: Conditions of too much or too little light can be detrimental to plants.

Biotic stress

Biotic stress refers to the negative effects on plants caused by living organisms, such as pests, pathogens, and other harmful biological entities. These stresses interfere with a plant's growth, development, and productivity. Common sources of biotic stress include:

• Pests:Insects, mites, and nematodes can damage plant tissues, reduce photosynthesis, and spread diseases.
• Pathogens: Fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can infect plants, causing diseases.
• Weeds: Compete with crops for nutrients, water, sunlight, and space, reducing crop yield and quality.
• Herbivores: Animals like deer, rodents, or birds may eat or damage plants, especially in agricultural or natural ecosystems.