| Primary information |
|---|
| ID | 1821 |
| ThPP ID | Th1212 |
| Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name | Insulin Pork |
| Sequence | A chain GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN B chain FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta |
| Functional Classification | Ia |
| Molecular Weight | 5795.6 |
| Chemical Formula | C257H387N65O76S6 |
| Isoelectric Point | 5.39 |
| Hydrophobicity | 0.218 |
| Melting Point (℃) | NA |
| Half Life | NA |
| Description | Insulin isolated from pig pancreas. Composed of alpha and beta chains, processed from pro-insulin. Forms a hexameric structure. |
| Indication/Disease | For the treatment of type I and II diabetes mellitus. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Insulin is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes. The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. In muscle and other tissues (except the brain), insulin causes rapid transport of glucose and amino acids intracellularly. It also promotes anabolism, and inhibits protein catabolism. In the liver, insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in the form of glycogen, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and promotes the conversion of excess glucose into fat. |
| Mechanism of Action | Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism. |
| Toxicity | |
| Metabolism | Insulin is predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process. |
| Absorption | NA |
| Volume of Distribution | NA |
| Clearance | NA |
| Categories | Hypoglycemic Agents, Antidiabetic Agents |
| Patents Number | NA |
| Date of Issue | NA |
| Date of Expiry | NA |
| Drug Interaction | NA |
| Target | Insulin receptor, Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, Insulin-degrading enzyme, HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain, HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain, Retinoblastoma-associated protein, Cathepsin D, Carboxypeptidase E, Neuroendocrine convertase 2, Neuroendocrine convertase 1, Protein NOV homolog, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, Synaptotagmin-like protein 4, Cytochrome P450 1A2 |
| Information of corresponding available drug in the market |
|---|
| Brand Name | Iletin II |
| Company | Lilly |
| Brand Discription | NPH Iletin II (purified insulin, Lilly) is a crystalline suspension of insulin with protamine and zinc providing an intermediate-acting insulin with a slower onset of action and a longer duration of activity (slightly more than 24 hours) than that of regular insulin. |
| Prescribed for | NA |
| Chemical Name | NA |
| Formulation | 100 units/mL (U-100) |
| Physcial Appearance | sterile suspension |
| Route of Administration | Subcutaneous |
| Recommended Dosage | NA |
| Contraindication | NA |
| Side Effects | NA |
| Useful Link | https://www.drugs.com/drp/iletin-ii-nph-pork-100-units.html |
| PubMed ID | 25941658, 24673155, 24118819, 23448197, 28250698, 28295934, 28282219, 28275957, 28234565 |
| 3-D Structure | Th1212 (View) or (Download) |