Detailed description page of THPdb

This page displays user query in tabular form.

Th1027 details

Primary information
ID 1205
ThPP ID Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name Insulin Regular
Sequence A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification Ia
Molecular Weight 5.808
Chemical Formula C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point 5.39
Hydrophobicity 0.218
Melting Point (℃) 81
Half Life N.A.
Description Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution 0.15 L/kg
Clearance N.A.
Categories Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number N.A.
Date of Issue N.A.
Date of Expiry N.A.
Drug Interaction Liraglutide's coadministration may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. A lower dose of the antidiabetic agent may be needed.
Target Insulin receptor,Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,Retinoblastoma-associated protein,Cathepsin D,Insulin-degrading enzyme,Neuroendocrine convertase 2,Carboxypeptidase E,Neuroendocrine convertase 1,Protein NOV homolog,Low-density lipoprotein receptor-r
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name Humulin R
Company Eli Lilly and Company
Brand Discription Humulin R(insulin human recombinant) U-100 is a polypeptide hormone structurally identical to human insulin synthesized through rDNA technology in a special non-disease producing laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria.
Prescribed for Treating diabetes mellitus.
Chemical Name N.A.
Formulation It contains human insulin (rDNA origin) 100 units/mL, glycerin 16 mg/mL and metacresol 2.5 mg/mL, endogenous zinc (approximately 0.015 mg/100 units) and water for injection. The pH is 7.0 to 7.8. Sodiumhydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid may be added durin
Physcial Appearance Sterile, clear, aqueous, and colorless solution
Route of Administration Subcutaneous Injection in the abdominal wall, the
Recommended Dosage Humulin R (insulin (human recombinant)) U-100, when used subcutaneously, is usually given three or more times daily before meals. The average range of total daily insulin requirement for maintenance therapy in insulin-treated patients without severe insulin resistance lies between 0.5 and 1 unit/kg/day.
Contraindication During episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients hypersensitive to humulin R.
Side Effects Rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue; wheezing; muscle pain; changes in vision; chills; confusion; dizziness; drowsiness; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; headache; loss of apetite.
Useful Link http://www.drugs.com/cdi/humulin-r.html
PubMed ID 22960692
3-D Structure Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID 1206
ThPP ID Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name Insulin Regular
Sequence A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification Ia
Molecular Weight 5.808
Chemical Formula C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point 5.39
Hydrophobicity 0.218
Melting Point (℃) 81
Half Life N.A.
Description Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution 0.15 L/kg
Clearance N.A.
Categories Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number N.A.
Date of Issue N.A.
Date of Expiry N.A.
Drug Interaction N.A.
Target N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name N.A.
Company N.A.
Brand Discription N.A.
Prescribed for N.A.
Chemical Name N.A.
Formulation N.A.
Physcial Appearance N.A.
Route of Administration N.A.
Recommended Dosage N.A.
Contraindication N.A.
Side Effects N.A.
Useful Link http://www.rxlist.com/humulin-r-drug.htm
PubMed ID 22960692
3-D Structure Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID 1207
ThPP ID Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name Insulin Regular
Sequence A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification Ia
Molecular Weight 5.808
Chemical Formula C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point 5.39
Hydrophobicity 0.218
Melting Point (℃) 81
Half Life N.A.
Description Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution 0.15 L/kg
Clearance N.A.
Categories Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number N.A.
Date of Issue N.A.
Date of Expiry N.A.
Drug Interaction N.A.
Target N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name N.A.
Company N.A.
Brand Discription N.A.
Prescribed for N.A.
Chemical Name N.A.
Formulation N.A.
Physcial Appearance N.A.
Route of Administration N.A.
Recommended Dosage N.A.
Contraindication N.A.
Side Effects N.A.
Useful Link http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512415
PubMed ID 22960692
3-D Structure Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID 1208
ThPP ID Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name Insulin Regular
Sequence A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification Ia
Molecular Weight 5.808
Chemical Formula C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point 5.39
Hydrophobicity 0.218
Melting Point (℃) 81
Half Life N.A.
Description Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution 0.15 L/kg
Clearance N.A.
Categories Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number N.A.
Date of Issue N.A.
Date of Expiry N.A.
Drug Interaction N.A.
Target N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name Novolin R
Company Novo Nordisk
Brand Discription Novolin R is a polypeptide hormone structurally identical to native human insulin and is produced by recombinant DNA technology, utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae(baker's yeast) as the production organism.
Prescribed for Used for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus, for the control of hyperglycemia
Chemical Name N.A.
Formulation It contains human insulin (rDNA origin) 100 units/mL, glycerol 16 mg/mL, metacresol 3 mg/mL, zinc chloride approximately 7 mcg/mL and water for injection. The pH is adjusted to 7.4. Hydrochloric acid 2N or sodium hydroxide 2N may be added to adjust pH. No
Physcial Appearance Sterile, clear, aqueous, and colorless solution
Route of Administration Subcutaneous and Intravenous infusion
Recommended Dosage The injection of Novolin R (recombinant dna origin) should be followed by a meal within approximately 30 minutes of administration The average range of total daily insulin requirement for maintenance therapy in insulin-treated patients lies between 0.5 and 1.0 IU/kg.
Contraindication During episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients with hypersensitivity to Novolin R
Side Effects Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is the most common side effect. Symptoms include headache, hunger, dizziness, sweating, irritability, trouble concentrating, rapid breathing, fast heartbeat, fainting, or seizure (severe hypoglycemia can be fatal).
Useful Link http://www.rxlist.com/novolin-r-drug.htm
PubMed ID 22960692
3-D Structure Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID 1209
ThPP ID Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name Insulin Regular
Sequence A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification Ia
Molecular Weight 5.808
Chemical Formula C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point 5.39
Hydrophobicity 0.218
Melting Point (℃) 81
Half Life N.A.
Description Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution 0.15 L/kg
Clearance N.A.
Categories Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number N.A.
Date of Issue N.A.
Date of Expiry N.A.
Drug Interaction N.A.
Target N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name N.A.
Company N.A.
Brand Discription N.A.
Prescribed for N.A.
Chemical Name N.A.
Formulation N.A.
Physcial Appearance N.A.
Route of Administration N.A.
Recommended Dosage N.A.
Contraindication N.A.
Side Effects N.A.
Useful Link http://www.drugs.com/mtm/novolin-r.html
PubMed ID 22960692
3-D Structure Th1027 (View) or (Download)

OSDDlinux

Raghava's Group

IMTECH

CSIR

CRDD
CPPSITE 2.0

Primary information
ID	1205
ThPP ID	Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Insulin Regular
Sequence	A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	Ia
Molecular Weight	5.808
Chemical Formula	C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point	5.39
Hydrophobicity	0.218
Melting Point (℃)	81
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease	Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics	Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action	The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity	Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism	Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption	Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution	0.15 L/kg
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number	N.A.
Date of Issue	N.A.
Date of Expiry	N.A.
Drug Interaction	Liraglutide's coadministration may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. A lower dose of the antidiabetic agent may be needed.
Target	Insulin receptor,Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,Retinoblastoma-associated protein,Cathepsin D,Insulin-degrading enzyme,Neuroendocrine convertase 2,Carboxypeptidase E,Neuroendocrine convertase 1,Protein NOV homolog,Low-density lipoprotein receptor-r
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	Humulin R
Company	Eli Lilly and Company
Brand Discription	Humulin R(insulin human recombinant) U-100 is a polypeptide hormone structurally identical to human insulin synthesized through rDNA technology in a special non-disease producing laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria.
Prescribed for	Treating diabetes mellitus.
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	It contains human insulin (rDNA origin) 100 units/mL, glycerin 16 mg/mL and metacresol 2.5 mg/mL, endogenous zinc (approximately 0.015 mg/100 units) and water for injection. The pH is 7.0 to 7.8. Sodiumhydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid may be added durin
Physcial Appearance	Sterile, clear, aqueous, and colorless solution
Route of Administration	Subcutaneous Injection in the abdominal wall, the
Recommended Dosage	Humulin R (insulin (human recombinant)) U-100, when used subcutaneously, is usually given three or more times daily before meals. The average range of total daily insulin requirement for maintenance therapy in insulin-treated patients without severe insulin resistance lies between 0.5 and 1 unit/kg/day.
Contraindication	During episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients hypersensitive to humulin R.
Side Effects	Rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue; wheezing; muscle pain; changes in vision; chills; confusion; dizziness; drowsiness; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; headache; loss of apetite.
Useful Link	http://www.drugs.com/cdi/humulin-r.html
PubMed ID	22960692
3-D Structure	Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID	1206
ThPP ID	Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Insulin Regular
Sequence	A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	Ia
Molecular Weight	5.808
Chemical Formula	C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point	5.39
Hydrophobicity	0.218
Melting Point (℃)	81
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease	Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics	Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action	The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity	Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism	Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption	Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution	0.15 L/kg
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number	N.A.
Date of Issue	N.A.
Date of Expiry	N.A.
Drug Interaction	N.A.
Target	N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	N.A.
Company	N.A.
Brand Discription	N.A.
Prescribed for	N.A.
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	N.A.
Physcial Appearance	N.A.
Route of Administration	N.A.
Recommended Dosage	N.A.
Contraindication	N.A.
Side Effects	N.A.
Useful Link	http://www.rxlist.com/humulin-r-drug.htm
PubMed ID	22960692
3-D Structure	Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID	1207
ThPP ID	Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Insulin Regular
Sequence	A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	Ia
Molecular Weight	5.808
Chemical Formula	C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point	5.39
Hydrophobicity	0.218
Melting Point (℃)	81
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease	Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics	Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action	The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity	Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism	Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption	Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution	0.15 L/kg
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number	N.A.
Date of Issue	N.A.
Date of Expiry	N.A.
Drug Interaction	N.A.
Target	N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	N.A.
Company	N.A.
Brand Discription	N.A.
Prescribed for	N.A.
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	N.A.
Physcial Appearance	N.A.
Route of Administration	N.A.
Recommended Dosage	N.A.
Contraindication	N.A.
Side Effects	N.A.
Useful Link	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512415
PubMed ID	22960692
3-D Structure	Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID	1208
ThPP ID	Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Insulin Regular
Sequence	A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	Ia
Molecular Weight	5.808
Chemical Formula	C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point	5.39
Hydrophobicity	0.218
Melting Point (℃)	81
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease	Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics	Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action	The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity	Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism	Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption	Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution	0.15 L/kg
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number	N.A.
Date of Issue	N.A.
Date of Expiry	N.A.
Drug Interaction	N.A.
Target	N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	Novolin R
Company	Novo Nordisk
Brand Discription	Novolin R is a polypeptide hormone structurally identical to native human insulin and is produced by recombinant DNA technology, utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae(baker's yeast) as the production organism.
Prescribed for	Used for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus, for the control of hyperglycemia
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	It contains human insulin (rDNA origin) 100 units/mL, glycerol 16 mg/mL, metacresol 3 mg/mL, zinc chloride approximately 7 mcg/mL and water for injection. The pH is adjusted to 7.4. Hydrochloric acid 2N or sodium hydroxide 2N may be added to adjust pH. No
Physcial Appearance	Sterile, clear, aqueous, and colorless solution
Route of Administration	Subcutaneous and Intravenous infusion
Recommended Dosage	The injection of Novolin R (recombinant dna origin) should be followed by a meal within approximately 30 minutes of administration The average range of total daily insulin requirement for maintenance therapy in insulin-treated patients lies between 0.5 and 1.0 IU/kg.
Contraindication	During episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients with hypersensitivity to Novolin R
Side Effects	Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is the most common side effect. Symptoms include headache, hunger, dizziness, sweating, irritability, trouble concentrating, rapid breathing, fast heartbeat, fainting, or seizure (severe hypoglycemia can be fatal).
Useful Link	http://www.rxlist.com/novolin-r-drug.htm
PubMed ID	22960692
3-D Structure	Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Primary information
ID	1209
ThPP ID	Th1027
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Insulin Regular
Sequence	A-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN, B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHL view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	Ia
Molecular Weight	5.808
Chemical Formula	C257H383N65O77S6
Isoelectric Point	5.39
Hydrophobicity	0.218
Melting Point (℃)	81
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
Indication/Disease	Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacodynamics	Insulin regular is a short-acting insulin. When subcutaneously administered, the onset of action (as evidenced by a decrease in glucose level) occurs 30 minutes post-dose. Maximal effect occurs between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-dose. The glucose-lowering effect occurs 8 hours post-dose. Compared to other rapid-acting insulin analogs, insulin regular has a slower onset of action and longer duration of action.
Mechanism of Action	The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Toxicity	Hypoglycemia is caused due to insulin toxicity.
Metabolism	Predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
Absorption	Generally well absorbed.
Volume of Distribution	0.15 L/kg
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Antidiabetic Agents
Patents Number	N.A.
Date of Issue	N.A.
Date of Expiry	N.A.
Drug Interaction	N.A.
Target	N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	N.A.
Company	N.A.
Brand Discription	N.A.
Prescribed for	N.A.
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	N.A.
Physcial Appearance	N.A.
Route of Administration	N.A.
Recommended Dosage	N.A.
Contraindication	N.A.
Side Effects	N.A.
Useful Link	http://www.drugs.com/mtm/novolin-r.html
PubMed ID	22960692
3-D Structure	Th1027 (View) or (Download)

Updated version of this database is available at ThpDB2

Detailed description page of THPdb