| DB ID | MyCo_6656 |
| Title | Volatile Metabolites in Lavage Fluid Are Correlated with Cytokine Production in a Valley Fever Murine Model |
| Year | 2023 |
| PMID | 36675936 |
| Fungal Diseases involved | Coccidioidomycosis |
| Associated Medical Condition | None |
| Genus | Coccidioides |
| Species | immitis |
| Organism | Coccidioides immitis |
| Ethical Statement | All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 16–011) of Northern Arizona University. |
| Site of Infection | None |
| Opportunistic invasive | None |
| Sample type | Body fluid |
| Sample source | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) |
| Host Group | Animal |
| Host Common name | Mice |
| Host Scientific name | Mus musculus |
| Biomarker Name | IL-18 |
| Biomarker Full Name | Interleukin-18 |
| Biomarker Type | Diagnostic |
| Biomolecule | Protein |
| Geographical Location | USA |
| Cohort | Female C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) 6–8 weeks of age were used for these studies. Mice were housed according to NIH guidelines for housing and care in a biosafety level 3 animal laboratory. The Coccidioides isolates used in this study were the type strains C. immitis strain RS (ATCC® catalog no. NR-48942; NCBI accession no. AAEC00000000.3) and C. posadasii strain Silveira (ATCC® catalog no. NR-48944; NCBI accession no. ABAI00000000.2). Mice were anesthetized with ketamine/xylene (80/8 mg/kg) and intranasally inoculated with 100 arthroconidia of C. immitis strain RS (n = 6) or C. posadasii strain Silveira (n = 6) suspended in 30 µL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), as described previously. Control mice were inoculated with PBS alone (n = 4). The mice were killed at day 10 postinoculation. The lungs were rinsed with 2 mL of PBS to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), which was filtered with 0.22 µm Ultrafree®-MC centrifugal filter devices with Durapore® membrane (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA). |
| Cohort No. | None |
| Age Group | None |
| P Value | p<0.05 |
| Sensitivity | None |
| Specificity | None |
| Positive Predictive Value | None |
| MIC | None |
| Fold Change | None |
| Pathway | None |
| Disease Introduction Mechanism | Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are soil-dwelling fungi of the arid regions of North and South America that cause the fungal infection coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, when arthroconidia are inhaled. One-half to two-thirds of individuals infected with Coccidioides remain asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms and resolve their clinical disease without seeking medical attention, retaining long-lived immunity. Symptoms develop in approximately forty percent of Valley fever cases, ranging from mild, self-limiting respiratory infections to severe, life-threatening pneumonia, and a small percentage will result in disseminated disease. |
| Technique | Gas chromatography |
| Analysis Method | Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). |
| ELISA kits | None |
| Assay Data | None |
| Validation Techniques used | Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). |
| Up Regulation Down Regulation | Positive |
| Sequence Data | None |
| External Link | None |
